What Frontend Skills Should 2025 New Graduates Learn?

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The author is a fresh graduate who worked domestically for 8 months. The following reflects my understanding of frontend learning for the 2025 autumn recruitment season. Please feel free to point out any errors or omissions.

Prerequisites

The ability to effectively use Google Search and leverage LLMs to find information.

HTML

Understand the purpose of <meta> tags, such as viewport and keyword.
Use <link> and <script> tags, and understand attributes like rel, async, and defer.

CSS

Basics: box model (box-sizing), Flexbox layout, positioning (position: relative/absolute/fixed/sticky and their differences). How to center elements.
rem/em units.
Tailwind CSS is a must-learn.
Understand CSS preprocessors (SCSS).

Personally, I think advanced topics like CSS animations are good to know at a high level — delegating them to AI is much more convenient. As for Tailwind, I consider it essential in 2025: once you have a solid CSS foundation, you can start using Tailwind right away.

JavaScript

Basics: functions, objects, arrays, this, prototype, closures, prototype chain, inheritance, modules, Promise, async/await, ES6 features. Learn the basics from the JavaScript Red Book — many interview questions come directly from it.
DOM manipulation. DOM and BOM APIs.
Network requests: fetch, axios. Beginners should spend more time with fetch to understand the fundamentals, but try different request libraries like axios to compare their pros and cons.

Frameworks

React:

Read the official documentation
State management, including React's built-in useContext and useReducer hooks, and popular libraries (Redux RTK, zustand, mobx). State management doesn't need to be studied too deeply or narrowly — different projects at work use different approaches.

Node.js

Use Express to build a simple server and communicate with the frontend. 2. Database usage: CRUD operations using ORM/ODM libraries (MongoDB, MySQL). 3. Understand RESTful API standards.

At this point, build one or two solid portfolio projects, review interview questions, and memorize the key concepts — you should be able to land an internship without much trouble. That said, standing out in the autumn recruitment season requires more.

Advanced Topics

TypeScript

I consider TypeScript essential for new graduates, even though campus recruitment interviews may not directly test TypeScript syntax.

TypeScript's static type checking catches a large number of potential errors (such as field name typos and type mismatches) at coding time. Using TypeScript-defined interface or type also facilitates AI-assisted coding. One key reason LLMs can generate "usable" code is type information — when you clearly define interface fields, function parameters, and return types in TypeScript, AI can "understand" your data structures and context, producing more accurate, business-logic-aligned code.

Of course, in real work projects are also written in TypeScript — you can't write code without knowing it.

Toolchain:

Understand what each part of the toolchain does (e.g., parsers: Babel, esbuild, swc; bundlers: Webpack, Rollup, esbuild — what are the differences between categories, and between tools within the same category).
Be able to use at least one bundler; understand package.json configuration.
Configure ESLint, Prettier, and StyleLint to unify code style.
Understand npm, yarn, pnpm and other package managers, and how to use them to manage project dependencies.
Understand CI/CD and automation workflows.
Be familiar with Husky.

Advanced Frameworks (Next.js, Remix)

First, understand why advanced frameworks are needed on top of React itself:

React is a UI library — it doesn't directly address routing, data fetching, or SSR. Advanced frameworks fill those gaps. I recommend Next.js: it has a larger community, and Vercel provides one-click deployment, making it easier to learn about engineering practices.

At this stage, new graduates have sufficient breadth for the autumn recruitment season. Make sure your resume includes a Next.js project deployed on Vercel (recommended stack: Next.js + Tailwind + pnpm + TypeScript). Of course, academic background and internship experience also matter. Additionally, mastering CS fundamentals (mainly computer networking) and algorithm problems (LeetCode Hot 100) is important — frontend interviews don't demand much in algorithms, so focus on quality over quantity.

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